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Breakpoints are one of the most important debugging techniques in your developer's toolbox. You set breakpoints wherever you want to pause debugger execution. For example, you may want to see the state of code variables or look at the call stack at a certain breakpoint. If you are trying to resolve a warning or issue while using breakpoints, see Troubleshoot breakpoints in the Visual Studio debugger.

Note

If you know the task or problem you're trying to solve, but you need to know what kind of breakpoint to use, see Find your debugging task.

Set breakpoints in source code

You can set a breakpoint on any line of executable code. For example, in the following C# code, you could set a breakpoint on the variable declaration, the for loop, or any code inside the for loop. You can't set a breakpoint on the namespace or class declarations, or on the method signature.

To set a breakpoint in source code, click in the far left margin next to a line of code. You can also select the line and press F9, select Debug > Toggle Breakpoint, or right-click and select Breakpoint > Insert breakpoint. The breakpoint appears as a red dot in the left margin.

For most languages including C#, breakpoint and current execution lines are automatically highlighted. For C++ code, you can turn on highlighting of breakpoint and current lines by selecting Tools (or Debug) > Options > Debugging > Highlight entire source line for breakpoints and current statement (C++ only).

When you debug, execution pauses at the breakpoint, before the code on that line is executed. The breakpoint symbol shows a yellow arrow.

At the breakpoint in the following example, the value of testInt is still 1. So, the value hasn't changed since the variable was initialized (set to a value of 1) because the statement in yellow hasn't yet executed.

When the debugger stops at the breakpoint, you can look at the current state of the app, including variable values and the call stack.

Here are a few general instructions for working with breakpoints.

• The breakpoint is a toggle. You can click it, press F9, or use Debug > Toggle Breakpoint to delete or reinsert it.

• To disable a breakpoint without deleting it, hover over or right-click it, and select Disable breakpoint. Disabled breakpoints appear as empty dots in the left margin or the Breakpoints window. To re-enable a breakpoint, hover over or right-click it, and select Enable breakpoint.

• Set conditions and actions, add and edit labels, or export a breakpoint by right-clicking it and selecting the appropriate command, or hovering over it and selecting the Settings icon.

Breakpoint actions and tracepoints

A tracepoint is a breakpoint that prints a message to the Output window. A tracepoint can act like a temporary trace statement in the programming language and does not pause the execution of code. You create a tracepoint by setting a special action in the Breakpoint Settings window. For detailed instructions, see Use tracepoints in the Visual Studio debugger.

Breakpoint conditions

You can control when and where a breakpoint executes by setting conditions. The condition can be any valid expression that the debugger recognizes. For more information about valid expressions, see Expressions in the debugger.

To set a breakpoint condition:

1. Right-click the breakpoint symbol and select Conditions. Or hover over the breakpoint symbol, select the Settings icon, and then select Conditions in the Breakpoint Settings window.

   You can also set conditions in the Breakpoints window by right-clicking a breakpoint and selecting Settings, and then selecting Conditions.

2. In the dropdown, select Conditional Expression, Hit Count, or Filter, and set the value accordingly.

3. Select Close or press Ctrl+Enter to close the Breakpoint Settings window. Or, from the Breakpoints window, select OK to close the dialog.

Breakpoints with conditions set appear with a + symbol in the source code and Breakpoints windows.

Create a conditional expression

When you select Conditional Expression, you can choose between two conditions: Is true or When changed. Choose Is true to break when the expression is satisfied, or When changed to break when the value of the expression has changed.

In the following example, the breakpoint is hit only when the value of testInt is 4:

In the following example, the breakpoint is hit only when the value of testInt changes:

If you set a breakpoint condition with invalid syntax, a warning message appears. If you specify a breakpoint condition with valid syntax but invalid semantics, a warning message appears the first time the breakpoint is hit. In either case, the debugger breaks when it hits the invalid breakpoint. The breakpoint is skipped only if the condition is valid and evaluates to false.

Note

The behavior of the When changed field is different for different programming languages.

• For native code, the debugger doesn't consider the first evaluation of the condition to be a change, so doesn't hit the breakpoint on the first evaluation.
• For managed code, the debugger hits the breakpoint on the first evaluation after When changed is selected.

Use Object IDs in conditional expressions (C# and F# only)

There are times when you want to observe the behavior of a specific object. For example, you might want to find out why an object was inserted into a collection more than once. In C# and F#, you can create object IDs for specific instances of reference types, and use them in breakpoint conditions. The object ID is generated by the common language runtime (CLR) debugging services and associated with the object.

To create an Object ID:

1. Set a breakpoint in the code some place after the object has been created.

2. Start debugging, and when execution pauses at the breakpoint, select Debug > Windows > Locals or Alt+4 to open the Locals window.

   Find the specific object instance in the Locals window, right-click it, and select Make Object ID.

   You should see a $ plus a number in the Locals window. This is the object ID.

3. Add a new breakpoint at the point you want to investigate; for example, when the object is to be added to the collection. Right-click the breakpoint and select Conditions.

4. Use the Object ID in the Conditional Expression field. For example, if the variable item is the object to be added to the collection, select Is true and type item $<n>, where <n> is the object ID number.

   Execution will break at the point when that object is to be added to the collection.

   To delete the Object ID, right-click the variable in the Locals window and select Delete Object ID.

Note

Object IDs create weak references, and do not prevent the object from being garbage collected. They are valid only for the current debugging session.

Set a hit count condition

If you suspect that a loop in your code starts misbehaving after a certain number of iterations, you can set a breakpoint to stop execution after that number of hits, rather than having to repeatedly press F5 to reach that iteration.

Under Conditions in the Breakpoint Settings window, select Hit Count, and then specify the number of iterations. In the following example, the breakpoint is set to hit on every other iteration:

Set a filter condition

You can restrict a breakpoint to fire only on specified devices, or in specified processes and threads.

Under Conditions in the Breakpoint Settings window, select Filter, and then enter one or more of the following expressions:

• MachineName = 'name'
• ProcessId = value
• ProcessName = 'name'
• ThreadId = value
• ThreadName = 'name'

Enclose string values in double quotes. You can combine clauses using & (AND), (OR), ! (NOT), and parentheses.

Set function breakpoints

You can break execution when a function is called. This is useful, for example, when you know the function name but not its location. It is also useful if you have functions with the same name and you want to break on them all (such as overloaded functions or functions in different projects).

To set a function breakpoint:

1. Select Debug > New Breakpoint > Function Breakpoint, or press Alt+F9 > Ctrl+B.

   You can also select New > Function Breakpoint in the Breakpoints window.

2. In the New Function Breakpoint dialog, enter the function name in the Function Name box.

   To narrow the function specification:

   • Use the fully qualified function name.

     Example: Namespace1.ClassX.MethodA()

   • Add the parameter types of an overloaded function.

     Example: MethodA(int, string)

   • Use the '!' symbol to specify the module.

     Example: App1.dll!MethodA

   • Use the context operator in native C++.

     {function, , [module]} [+<line offset from start of method>]

     Example: {MethodA, , App1.dll}+2

3. In the Language dropdown, choose the language of the function.

4. Select OK.

Set a function breakpoint using a memory address (native C++ only)

You can use the address of an object to set a function breakpoint on a method called by a specific instance of a class. For example, given an addressable object of type my_class, you can set a function breakpoint on the my_method method that instance calls.

1. Set a breakpoint somewhere after the instance of the class is instantiated.

2. Find the address of the instance (for example, 0xcccccccc).

3. Select Debug > New Breakpoint > Function Breakpoint, or press Alt+F9 > Ctrl+B.

4. Add the following to the Function Name box, and select C++ language.

Set data breakpoints (.NET Core 3.0 or higher)

Data breakpoints break execution when a specific object's property changes.

To set a data breakpoint

1. In a .NET Core project, start debugging, and wait until a breakpoint is reached.

2. In the Autos, Watch, or Locals window, right-click a property and select Break when value changes in the context menu.

Data breakpoints in .NET Core won't work for:

• Properties that are not expandable in the tooltip, Locals, Autos, or Watch window
• Static variables
• Classes with the DebuggerTypeProxy Attribute
• Fields inside of structs

Set data breakpoints (native C++ only)

Data breakpoints break execution when a value stored at a specified memory address changes. If the value is read but not changed, execution doesn't break.

To set a data breakpoint:

1. In a C++ project, start debugging, and wait until a breakpoint is reached. On the Debug menu, choose New Breakpoint > Data Breakpoint

   You can also select New > Data Breakpoint in the Breakpoints window or right-click an item in the Autos, Watch, or Locals window and select Break when value changes in the context menu.

2. In the Address box, type a memory address, or an expression that evaluates to a memory address. For example, type &avar to break when the contents of the variable avar changes.

3. In the Byte Count dropdown, select the number of bytes you want the debugger to watch. For example, if you select 4, the debugger will watch the four bytes starting at &avar and break if any of those bytes change value.

Data breakpoints don't work under the following conditions:

• A process that is not being debugged writes to the memory location.
• The memory location is shared between two or more processes.
• The memory location is updated within the kernel. For example, if memory is passed to the 32-bit Windows ReadFile function, the memory will be updated from kernel mode, so the debugger won't break on the update.
• Where the watch expression is larger than 4 bytes on 32-bit hardware and 8 bytes on 64-bit hardware. This is a limitation of the x86 architecture.

Note

• Data breakpoints depend on specific memory addresses. The address of a variable changes from one debugging session to the next, so data breakpoints are automatically disabled at the end of each debugging session.

• If you set a data breakpoint on a local variable, the breakpoint remains enabled when the function ends, but the memory address is no longer applicable, so the behavior of the breakpoint is unpredictable. If you set a data breakpoint on a local variable, you should delete or disable the breakpoint before the function ends.

Manage breakpoints in the Breakpoints window

You can use the Breakpoints window to see and manage all the breakpoints in your solution. This centralized location is especially helpful in a large solution, or for complex debugging scenarios where breakpoints are critical.

In the Breakpoints window, you can search, sort, filter, enable/disable, or delete breakpoints. You can also set conditions and actions, or add a new function or data breakpoint.

To open the Breakpoints window, select Debug > Windows > Breakpoints, or press Alt+F9 or Ctrl+Alt+B.

Auto tune software for pc windows 10. To select the columns to display in the Breakpoints window, select Show Columns. Select a column header to sort the breakpoints list by that column.

Breakpoint labels

You can use labels to sort and filter the list of breakpoints in the Breakpoints window.

1. To add a label to a breakpoint, right-click the breakpoint in the source code or the Breakpoints window, and then select Edit labels. Add a new label or choose an existing one, and then select OK.
2. Sort the breakpoint list in the Breakpoints window by selecting the Labels, Conditions, or other column headers. You can select the columns to display by selecting Show Columns in the toolbar.

Export and import breakpoints

To save or share the state and location of your breakpoints, you can export or import them.

• To export a single breakpoint to an XML file, right-click the breakpoint in the source code or Breakpoints window, and select Export or Export selected. Select an export location, and then select Save. The default location is the solution folder.
• To export several breakpoints, in the Breakpoints window, select the boxes next to the breakpoints, or enter search criteria in the Search field. Select the Export all breakpoints matching the current search criteria icon, and save the file.
• To export all breakpoints, deselect all boxes and leave the Search field blank. Select the Export all breakpoints matching the current search criteria icon, and save the file.
• To import breakpoints, in the Breakpoints window, select the Import breakpoints from a file icon, navigate to the XML file location, and select Open.

Set breakpoints from debugger windows

You can also set breakpoints from the Call Stack and Disassembly debugger windows.

Set a breakpoint in the Call Stack window

To break at the instruction or line that a calling function returns to, you can set a breakpoint in the Call Stack window.

To set a breakpoint in the Call Stack window:

1. To open the Call Stack window, you must be paused during debugging. Select Debug > Windows > Call Stack, or press Ctrl+Alt+C.

2. In the Call Stack window, right-click the calling function and select Breakpoint > Insert Breakpoint, or press F9.

   A breakpoint symbol appears next to the function call name in the left margin of the call stack.

The call stack breakpoint appears in the Breakpoints window as an address, with a memory location that corresponds to the next executable instruction in the function.

The debugger breaks at the instruction.

For more information about the call stack, see How to: Use the Call Stack window.

To visually trace breakpoints during code execution, see Map methods on the call stack while debugging.

Set a breakpoint in the Disassembly window

1. To open the Disassembly window, you must be paused during debugging. Select Debug > Windows > Disassembly, or press Alt+8.

2. In the Disassembly window, click in the left margin of the instruction you want to break at. You can also select it and press F9, or right-click and select Breakpoint > Insert Breakpoint.

See also

In software development, a breakpoint is an intentional stopping or pausing place in a program, put in place for debugging purposes. It is also sometimes simply referred to as a pause.

More generally, a breakpoint is a means of acquiring knowledge about a program during its execution. During the interruption, the programmer inspects the test environment (general purpose registers, memory, logs, files, etc.) to find out whether the program is functioning as expected. In practice, a breakpoint consists of one or more conditions that determine when a program's execution should be interrupted.

Breakpoints were invented for ENIAC, one of the earliest digital computers, by programmer Betty Holberton.^[1] In the initial design of ENIAC, program flow was set by plugging cables from one unit to another. To make the program stop at a certain point, a cable was removed, called a breakpoint.^[2]

Machine breakpoints[edit]

Early mainframe computers, such as the IBM/360, had console switches/dials that allowed breakpoints at specific instruction storage addresses and provided 'single cycle' operation, permitting the contents of registers and memory to be observed directly on console lights. The advent of multitasking limited the use of this option since the entire machine was halted.

Non-interactive breakpoints[edit]

Programmers have used machine code patches to implement single destructive breakpoints to cause a core dump since the early days of computers. The core dump provided the state of the registers and memory at the exact moment of the deliberate 'crash'.

Interactive breakpoints[edit]

The advent of teletypewriter consoles in the 1960s allowed more interactive command line debugging capabilities but it was not until the early 1970s and the arrival of ubiquitous video monitors connected to mainframes that fully interactive, full screen debugging in multitasking environments became a reality. This also permitted step-by-step program execution in a true program animation manner with optional register and memory alterations simultaneously displayed. Initially this type of animation was at the level of disassembled or Decompiled machine code, but later advanced to HLL source level animation.

Breakpoint In Dev C Online

Breakpoint conditions[edit]

Breakpoints are most commonly used to interrupt a running program immediately before the execution of a programmer-specified instruction. This is often referred to as an instruction breakpoint.

Other kinds of conditions can also be used, such as the reading, writing, or modification of a specific location in an area of memory. This is often referred to as a conditional breakpoint, a data breakpoint, or a watchpoint. On the other hand, non-breaking breakpoints, sometimes called logpoints, can show the full state of a piece of code at the breakpoint without stopping its execution.

Breakpoints can also be used to interrupt execution at a particular time, upon a keystroke etc.

Inspection tools[edit]

When a breakpoint is hit, various tools are used to inspect the state of the program or alter it. Stack trace of each thread may be used to see the chain of function calls that led to the paused instruction. A list of watches allows one to view the values of selected variables and expressions. There may also be tools to show the contents of registers, loaded program modules and other information.

Implementations[edit]

Hardware[edit]

Many processors include hardware support for breakpoints (typically instruction and data breakpoints). As an example, the x86 instruction set architecture provides hardware support for breakpoints with its x86 debug registers. Such hardware may include limitations, for example not allowing breakpoints on instructions located in branch delay slots. This kind of limitation is imposed by the microarchitecture of the processor and varies from processor to processor.

Software[edit]

Without hardware support (and in multitasking environments), debuggers have to implement breakpoints in software. For instruction breakpoints, this is a comparatively simple task of replacing the instruction at the location of the breakpoint by either:

Breakpoint In Dev C Download

• an instruction that calls the debugger directly (e.g. a system call) or
• an invalid instruction that causes a deliberate program interrupt (that is then intercepted/handled by the debugger)

This technique may be more difficult to implement in multitasking systems using shared program storage (the interrupt may occur on a different thread, requiring resurrection of the original instruction for that thread). Also, if the program resides in protected memory, overwriting of instructions may be prevented.

Alternatively,

• an instruction set simulator can implement unconditional or conditional breakpoints, by simply embedding the appropriate condition tests within its own normal program cycle - that also naturally allows non-invasive breakpoints (on read-only programs for instance).
• Interpreted languages can effectively use the same concept as above in their program cycle.
• 'Instrumenting' all the source code with additional source statements that issue a function that invokes an internal or external debug subroutine, is yet another common approach. This method increases the binary size and might adversely affect normal memory allocation and exception handlers. 'Debug' options exist on some compilers to implement this technique semi-transparently.

Some debuggers allow registers or program variables in memory to be modified before resuming, effectively allowing the introduction of 'hand-coded' temporary assignments for test purposes. Similarly, program instructions can often be skipped to determine the effect of changes to the program logic - enabling questions about program execution to be answered in a direct way (i.e. without assumptions or guesswork). In many cases it may be the only practical method of testing obscure 'event-driven' error subroutines that rarely, if ever, get executed - without the added risk of leaving temporary source changes. Manually changing the resume location within a paused program can be used to enter an otherwise rarely executed section of code (such as a specific hardware condition handler).

Implementing data breakpoints in software however, can greatly reduce the performance of the application being debugged - since it is using additional resources on the same processor.^[3] However, this is normally acceptable during testing and the amount of information available from the debugger is not restricted by limitations of debug data known to the hardware. For instance, a software implementation can collect logical path data at program/subroutine/instruction level to considerably augment what might be stored by the particular hardware platform for inspection. The instruction set simulation method considerably reduces the overhead, compared to the (repeated) instruction replacement method, also reducing cache misses.

Some programming language implementations expose their debugging functions for use by other programs.For example, some FORTRAN dialects have an AT statement, which was originally intended to act as an instruction breakpoint.Python implements a debugger accessible from a Python program.^[4]These facilities can be and are^[5] abused to act like the COMEFROM statement.

See also[edit]

• Program animation (Stepping)

References[edit]

1. ^Abbate, Janet (2012), Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing, MIT Press, p. 32, ISBN9780262018067
2. ^Thomas Haigh; Mark Priestley; Crispen Rope (2016). ENIAC in Action:Making and Remaking the Modern Computer. MIT Press. p. 153. ISBN978-0-262-03398-5.
3. ^GDB InternalsArchived November 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
4. ^Python Library Reference: The Python DebuggerArchived September 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
5. ^entrian.com - goto and comefrom for Python