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A recipe is a set of instructions that describes how to prepare or make something, especially a dish of prepared food.

The term recipe is also used in medicine or in information technology (e.g., user acceptance). A doctor will usually begin a prescription with recipe, Latin for take, usually abbreviated as Rx or the equivalent symbol (℞).

History[edit]

Early examples[edit]

The earliest known written recipes date from approximately 1600 BC and come from an Akkadian tablet from southern Babylonia.^[1] There are also works in ancient Egyptianhieroglyphs depicting the preparation of food.^[2]

Many ancient Greek recipes are known. Mithaecus's cookbook was an early one, but most of it has been lost; Athenaeus quotes one short recipe in his Deipnosophistae. Athenaeus mentions many other cookbooks, all of them lost.^[3]

Roman recipes are known starting in the 2nd century BCE with Cato the Elder's De Agri Cultura. Many authors of this period described eastern Mediterranean cooking in Greek and in Latin.^[3] Some Punic recipes are known in Greek and Latin translation.^[3]

The large collection of recipes De re coquinaria, conventionally titled Apicius, appeared in the 4th or 5th century and is the only complete surviving cookbook from the classical world.^[3] It lists the courses served in a meal as Gustatio (appetizer), Primae Mensae (main course) and Secundae Mensae (dessert).^[4] Each recipe begins with the Latin command 'Take..,' 'Recipe..'^[5]

Arabic recipes are documented starting in the 10th century; see al-Warraq and al-Baghdadi.

The earliest recipe in Persian dates from the 14th century. Several recipes have survived from the time of Safavids, including Karnameh (1521) by Mohammad Ali Bavarchi, which includes the cooking instruction of more than 130 different dishes and pastries, and Madat-ol-Hayat (1597) by Nurollah Ashpaz.^[6] Recipe books from the Qajar period are numerous, the most notable being Khorak-ha-ye Irani by prince Nader Mirza.^[7]

King Richard II of England commissioned a recipe book called Forme of Cury in 1390,^[8] and around the same time, another book was published entitled Curye on Inglish, 'cury' meaning cooking.^[9] Both books give an impression of how food for the noble classes was prepared and served in England at that time. The luxurious taste of the aristocracy in the Early Modern Period brought with it the start of what can be called the modern recipe book. By the 15th century, numerous manuscripts were appearing detailing the recipes of the day. Many of these manuscripts give very good information and record the re-discovery of many herbs and spices including coriander, parsley, basil and rosemary, many of which had been brought back from the Crusades.^[10]

• A page from the Nimmatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi, book of delicacies and recipes. It documents the fine art of making kheer.

• Medieval Indian Manuscript (circa 16th century) showing samosas being served.

Modern recipes and cooking advice[edit]

With the advent of the printing press in the 16th and 17th centuries, numerous books were written on how to manage households and prepare food. In Holland^[11] and England^[12] competition grew between the noble families as to who could prepare the most lavish banquet. By the 1660s, cookery had progressed to an art form and good cooks were in demand. Many of them published their own books detailing their recipes in competition with their rivals.^[13] Many of these books have been translated and are available online.^[14]

By the 19th century, the Victorian preoccupation for domestic respectability brought about the emergence of cookery writing in its modern form. Although eclipsed in fame and regard by Isabella Beeton, the first modern cookery writer and compiler of recipes for the home was Eliza Acton. Her pioneering cookbook, Modern Cookery for Private Families published in 1845, was aimed at the domestic reader rather than the professional cook or chef. This was immensely influential, establishing the format for modern writing about cookery. It introduced the now-universal practice of listing the ingredients and suggested cooking times with each recipe. It included the first recipe for Brussels sprouts.^[15] Contemporary chef Delia Smith called Acton 'the best writer of recipes in the English language.'^[16]Modern Cookery long survived Acton, remaining in print until 1914 and available more recently in facsimile.

Acton's work was an important influence on Isabella Beeton,^[17] who published Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management in 24 monthly parts between 1857 and 1861. This was a guide to running a Victorian household, with advice on fashion, child care, animal husbandry, poisons, the management of servants, science, religion, and industrialism.^[18][19] Of the 1,112 pages, over 900 contained recipes. Most were illustrated with coloured engravings. It is said that many of the recipes were plagiarised from earlier writers such as Acton, but the Beetons never claimed that the book's contents were original. It was intended as a reliable guide for the aspirant middle classes.

The American cook Fannie Farmer (1857–1915) published in 1896 her famous work The Boston Cooking School Cookbook which contained some 1,849 recipes.^[20]

Components[edit]

Modern culinary recipes normally consist of several components

• The name of the recipe (Origins/History of the dish)
• Yield: The number of servings that the dish provides.
• List all ingredients in the order of its use. Describe it in step by step instructions.
• Listing ingredients by the quantity (Write out abbreviations. Ounces instead of oz).
• How much time does it take to prepare the dish, plus cooking time for the dish.
• Necessary equipment used for the dish.
• Cooking procedures. Temperature and bake time if necessary.
• Serving procedures (Served while warm/cold).
• Review of the dish (Would you recommend this dish to a friend?).
• Photograph of the dish (Optional).
• Nutritional Value: Helps for dietary restrictions. Includes number of calories or grams per serving.

Earlier recipes often included much less information, serving more as a reminder of ingredients and proportions for someone who already knew how to prepare the dish.^[21][22]

Recipe writers sometimes also list variations of a traditional dish, to give different tastes of the same recipes.

Internet and television recipes[edit]

By the mid 20th century, there were thousands of cookery and recipe books available. The next revolution came with the introduction of the TV cooks. The first TV cook in England was Fanny Cradock with a show on the BBC. TV cookery programs brought recipes to a new audience. In the early days, recipes were available by post from the BBC; later with the introduction of CEEFAX text on screen, they became available on television.

The first Internet Usenet newsgroup dedicated to cooking was net.cooks created in 1982, later becoming rec.food.cooking.^[23] It served as a forum to share recipes text files and cooking techniques. Dev c 編譯器.

In the early 21st century, there has been a renewed focus on cooking at home due to the late-2000s recession.^[24] Television networks such as the Food Network and magazines are still a major source of recipe information, with international cooks and chefs such as Jamie Oliver, Gordon Ramsay, Nigella Lawson and Rachael Ray having prime-time shows and backing them up with Internet websites giving the details of all their recipes. These were joined by reality TV shows such as Top Chef or Iron Chef, and many Internet sites offering free recipes, but cookery books remain as popular as ever.^[25]Vst tambourine free download.

Recipe design tools[edit]

Molecular gastronomy provides chefs with cooking techniques and ingredients, but this discipline also provides new theories and methods which aid recipe design. These methods are used by chefs, foodies, home cooks and even mixologists worldwide to improve or design recipes.

See also[edit]

• hRecipe - a microformat for marking-up recipes in web pages

References[edit]

1. ^Jean Bottéro, Textes culinaires Mésopotamiens, 1995. ISBN0-931464-92-7; commentary at Society of Biblical Literature
2. ^Ancient Egyptian cuisine
3. ^ ^abcdAndrew Dalby, Food in the Ancient World from A to Z, 2003. ISBN0-415-23259-7 p. 97-98.
4. ^'Roman food in Britain'. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
5. ^Colquhoun, Kate (2008) [2007]. Taste: The Story of Britain through its Cooking. Bloomsbury. p. 25. ISBN978-0-747-59306-5.
6. ^Jaam-e Jam
7. ^'کتاب خوراک های ایرانی'. مجله تصویری فرهنگ غذا (in Persian). December 3, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
8. ^COMDA Calendar Co. 2007 Recipe Calendar. COMDA, Canada.
9. ^Hicatt, Constance B; Sharon Butler (1985). English Culinary Manuscripts of the 14C.
10. ^Austin, Thomas (1888). Ashmole and other Manuscripts.
11. ^Sieben, Ria Jansen (1588). Een notable boecxtken van cokeryen.
12. ^anon (1588). The good Huswifes handmaid for Cookerie.
13. ^May, Robert (1685). The accomplifht Cook.
14. ^Judy Gerjuoy. 'Medieval Cookbooks'. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
15. ^Pearce, Food For Thought: Extraordinary Little Chronicles of the World, (2004) pg 144
16. ^Interview.
17. ^Acton, Eliza (1799–1859). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Gale Research Inc. January 2002. Archived from the original on 2013-05-18. Retrieved 8 January 2013.(subscription required)
18. ^General Observations on the Common Hog
19. ^Food in season in April 1861
20. ^Cunningham, Marion (1979). The Fannie Farmer Cookbook (revised). Bantam Books, New York. ISBN978-0-553-56881-3.
21. ^Paradowski, Michał B. (2010). Through catering college to the naked chef – teaching LSP and culinary translation. In: Bogucki, Łukasz (Ed.) Teaching Translation and Interpreting: Challenges and Practices. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press. pp. 137–165.
22. ^Paradowski, Michał B. (2017). 'What's cooking in English culinary texts? Insights from genre corpora for cookbook and menu writers and translators'. The Translator. 24: 50–69. doi:10.1080/13556509.2016.1271735.
23. ^Sack, Victor (20 October 2016), rec.food.cooking FAQ and conversion file, sec. 6.1
24. ^Holmes, Elizabeth (2009-05-05). 'Web Recipes Are Cooking With Gas'. Wall Street Journal.
25. ^Andriani, Lynn. 'Cookbooks surge to top category at libraries'. Retrieved 2013-10-14.

External links[edit]

• Media related to Recipes at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of recipe at Wiktionary

Cooking Mama^[a] is a cookerysimulation-styled minigame compilation video game for the Nintendo DS, and later ported to iOS as Cooking Mama: Lets Cook!. It was developed by Office Create and published by Taito, Majesco Entertainment, and 505 Games. It was awarded IGN's 'Best Of E3' award for 2006. It is the start of the Cooking Mama series, with 4 more main series titles on DS and Nintendo 3DS, two spin offs on Wii, and a spin off on 3DS. It also spins off into the Gardening Mama series. For later titles in the series, the publishers and Office Create joined together to form Cooking Mama Limited, which was made exclusively to develop the Cooking Mama series.

Gameplay[edit]

In Cooking Mama, the player is tasked with cooking various meals using the device's touch screen. Following the instructions of the titular 'Mama', the player uses the stylus or their finger to perform different kitchen tasks, including chopping vegetables, slicing meat, flipping food in pans, and arranging the final items on the plate. The version of the game for iOS also takes advantage of the accelerometer in its devices with some similar gameplay to Cooking Mama: Cook Off. Each of these tasks is performed by completing a mini-game which usually lasts less than 10 seconds. The gameplay structure consists of the player progressing through a series of short minigames. The game features a total of 96 different dishes.

Each minigame represents a different activity in the meal preparation, such as mixing, frying, or chopping the provided ingredients. The minigame mechanics themselves range from quickly drawing parallel lines in order to chop items, to a rhythm game where ingredients are added to a skillet or the heat is adjusted at precisely the right time. In many cases, players must look at the top screen of the DS for guidance on what to do next and then perform the task on the bottom screen. If the player makes a serious blunder or time expires without sufficient progress being made, that step in the cooking process is considered a failure. When this happens, a graphic of an angry 'Mama' with flames erupting from her eyes is displayed, along with the caption 'Don't worry, Mama will fix it!'.

Completing a dish can require playing one minigame, or as many as a dozen. The player's performance is rated when each dish is finished, based on the average result of each minigame. Depending on the final score, the game may award the player a bronze, silver or gold medal. The highest medal earned for each dish is recorded and displayed next to each item on the selection screen.

Game modes[edit]

Let's Cook[edit]

The main game mode where players cook dishes. Players initially start with just a few simple recipes to choose from, with additional recipes unlocked as the earlier ones are mastered. Each recipe requires players to play through a short, timed minigame for each ingredient or group of ingredients. For example, to make a sandwich, the player would first be required to chop a cucumber into slices before the time limit elapses.

When cooking a recipe which has previously been mastered, the player sometimes has the option to change the dish being made 'on the fly' between two minigames. If completed, this new recipe is then unlocked for future play.

A player also has a choice to practice a recipe.

Let's Combine[edit]

In this mode, players can take the recipes which have been unlocked and combine them to make something new. For example, the 'Fried Eggs' recipe can be combined with the 'Rice' recipe to make an entree.

Use Skill[edit]

The World Encyclopedia Of Cooking Ingredients Free Download Games

In this mode, players put their minigaming ingredients, peeling, stewing, tearing, and more to the test. The player is ranked at the end of each task.

Reception[edit]

The DS version received 'average' reviews according to video game review aggregatorMetacritic.^[16] In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of all four sevens, for a total of 28 out of 40.^[2]

411Mania gave it a score of 7.5 out of 10, saying that 'At $19.99 this makes yet another quality and affordable title for the Nintendo DS library.'^[17]Detroit Free Press also gave it a score of three stars out of four, calling it 'a game best played in small bursts. It's perfect for waiting in line or during road trips.'^[12] However, The Sydney Morning Herald gave it a score of three stars out of five and said it was 'A lot of fun but unlikely to satisfy your gaming appetite.'^[13]

The original Cooking Mama sold more than 500,000 copies in the United States as of August 15, 2007,^[18] and sold more than 1 million copies in PAL regions.^[19] It received a 'Double Platinum' sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA),^[20] indicating sales of at least 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom.^[21]

As of January 30, 2008, the Cooking Mama series sold more than 2.6 million copies worldwide.^[22] Majesco also credited it, among other games, for an increase in revenue in early 2007.^[23] By May 2009, over four million copies of the series were sold in North America. Miley Cyrus was found to be a huge fan of the game, and even gained a large number of fans due to how much she enjoys it.^[24]

Criticism[edit]

The animal welfare group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) created a Flash game titled Cooking Mama: Mama Kills Animals^[25] intended to both criticize the video game's use of meat-based recipes and to encourage veganism.^[26] The creators of Cooking Mama responded to the PETA in a press release stating that 'I would never put rat in my ratatouille', and indicated that not all of Mama's recipes are meat-based.^[27] PETA stated that they were happy with the release of Gardening Mama, a spin-off of the series.^[28]

Sequels[edit]

The World Encyclopedia Of Cooking Ingredients Free Download For Windows 7

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Barnes And Noble

1. ^MacDonald, Keza (October 10, 2006). 'Cooking Mama (DS)'. Eurogamer. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
2. ^ ^abFreund, Josh (March 15, 2006). 'News - Latest Famitsu reviews - Yggdra Union, Ace Combat Zero, more'. GamesAreFun. Archived from the original on March 20, 2006. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
3. ^Mason, Lisa (October 2006). 'Cooking Mama (DS)'. Game Informer (162): 114. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
4. ^Ahoy And Avast (September 12, 2006). 'Review: Cooking Mama'. GamePro. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
5. ^Navarro, Alex (September 18, 2006). 'Cooking Mama Review (DS)'. GameSpot. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
6. ^Villoria, Gerald (September 20, 2006). 'GameSpy: Cooking Mama'. GameSpy. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
7. ^Harris, Craig (September 19, 2006). 'Cooking Mama Review (NDS)'. IGN. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
8. ^Buchanan, Levi (February 27, 2009). 'Cooking Mama iPhone Review'. IGN. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
9. ^'Cooking Mama'. Nintendo Power. 209: 90. November 2006.
10. ^Castaneda, Karl (August 10, 2006). 'Cooking Mama'. Nintendo World Report. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
11. ^Mastrapa, Gus (November 6, 2006). 'Cooking Mama'. X-Play. Archived from the original on May 15, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
12. ^ ^abGudmundsen, Jinny (February 25, 2007). ''COOKING MAMA''. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
13. ^ ^abHill, Jason (March 26, 2007). 'Cooking Mama'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
14. ^'Cooking Mama for DS'. GameRankings. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
15. ^'Cooking Mama for iOS (iPhone/iPad)'. GameRankings. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
16. ^ ^ab'Cooking Mama for DS Reviews'. Metacritic. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
17. ^Aranda, Ramon (September 20, 2006). 'Cooking Mama (DS) Review'. 411Mania. Retrieved February 4, 2016.^{[permanent dead link]}
18. ^'Cooking Mama Surpasses 500,000'. IGN. August 15, 2007. Archived from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
19. ^Boyes, Emma (December 6, 2007). 'Cooking Mama serves up 1 million'. GameSpot. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
20. ^'ELSPA Sales Awards: Double Platinum'. Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association. Archived from the original on 2009-05-20. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
21. ^Caoili, Eric (November 26, 2008). 'ELSPA: Wii Fit, Mario Kart Reach Diamond Status In UK'. Gamasutra. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017.
22. ^'Majesco Entertainment Announces Cooking Mama Franchise Sales Reach 1.6 Million Units Domestically'. Majesco Entertainment. January 30, 2008. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
23. ^Seff, Micah (January 29, 2007). 'Majesco Reports Increased Revenue'. IGN. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
24. ^Fahey, Mike (May 11, 2009). 'Cooking Mama Sells Four Million..Domestically'. Kotaku. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
25. ^'Cooking Mama, The Unauthorized PETA Edition: Mama Kills Animals'. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
26. ^Inside Jersey staff (November 18, 2008). 'PETA Burns Cooking Mama'. NJ.com.
27. ^Fahey, Rob (November 19, 2008). 'Cooking Mama Responds To PETA'. Kotaku.
28. ^Laughlin, Andrew (November 19, 2008). 'PETA criticises 'Cooking Mama' games'. Digital Spy. Retrieved February 4, 2016.

External links[edit]

• Cooking Mama at MobyGames

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